THE theme of this year’s World Cancer Day — which was marked on 4 February was “United by Unique”, a theme intended to focus on a people-centred approach to cancer care that takes into account the uniqueness of each person’s experience.
Cancer has become an increasingly significant health issue in Zimbabwe, according to Dr Nicola Misi, a doctor within the Cimas Health Group, who says the number of cases of cancer is rising year after year.
The commonest cancer among women in Zimbabwe is cervical cancer. Among men, it is prostate cancer. Leukaemia, which is a form of blood cancer, is the commonest cancer in children.
Dr Misi agrees with the importance of a people-centred approach to cancer care that sees
the person before the patient and takes into account the uniqueness of each person’s experience.
“The people-centred approach emphasises the holistic care of the individual, not just treating
the cancer but also addressing emotional, psychological and social needs,” she said.
“Without fully addressing individual needs and understanding where they are coming from it is not possible to fully treat them. I’ve seen first-hand that this approach leads to better outcomes and improved quality of life for patients.”
Misi added that this was equally important in treating other health conditions.
“Treating the whole person, not just the disease, is essential for managing all health conditions effectively,” she said.
“This is especially important in managing chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and HIV, because the management does not simply involve medicine use.
“Patients need to feel understood and supported, so they are more likely to adhere to treatment plans and engage in their care.
“It is also important to assess their lives as a whole that is the social, spiritual, economic and mental aspects, to fully advise them on treatment plans and support them in any changes that
may lead to better health.
“The Cimas Health Group places a strong emphasis on a patient- centred approach,” Dr Misi
said, adding that this included ensuring patients are included in decision-making processes
about their treatment options.
Causes
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and division. It is often, according to Misi, the result of genetic mutations, environmental factors and lifestyle choices.
Breast cancer can be linked to a genetic predisposition, hormonal influences and lifestyle factors. Prostate cancer is more likely to affect men, who have had a father or brothers affected by it, she said.
Risk factors
Risk factors differ for different types of cancer. Major risk factors include a family history of cancer, environmental factors such as exposure to harmful chemicals, pollutants or UV radiation, certain infections, such as infection with the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in the case of cervical cancer and lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, a poor diet and lack of physical activity.
Symptoms
Common symptoms that may be indicative of cancer, Misi said, are weight loss, persistent fatigue, changes in skin appearance or texture, unusual lumps or swelling and persistent pain.
However, these symptoms can be related to other health issues. If they persist, medical attention should be sought for assessment and investigation.
The commonest symptoms of prostate cancer may include difficulty urinating, blood in the
urine or pelvic pain. Symptoms of breast cancer include a lump, change in breast shape, breast pain or skin changes.
Symptoms of leukaemia in children might include persistent fever, easy bruising, prolonged
bleeding or frequent infections.
Diagnosis
Early diagnosis of cancer is critical, Misi emphasised.
“The earlier the diagnosis, the better the prognosis or outcome. The best way to achieve it
is through regular screening programmes, public education on recognising early signs of cancer and ensuring medical professionals are adequately trained to identify symptoms at the earliest stages,” Dr Misi said.
“Furthermore, increasing awareness in the general population about the importance of routine
health check-ups is essential in detecting cancers before they progress too far.”
Attending regular screening programmes for certain cancers such as colon, cervical, prostate
and breast cancer could help detect these cancers early when they are more treatable.
Prevention
There is no absolute way of preventing cancer. However, there are several ways to reduce the risk of it.
“Primary prevention involves lifestyle changes such as avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, maintaining a healthy diet and engaging in regular physical activity,” Dr Misi said.
“Lifestyle plays a significant role in cancer risk. A healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, regular exercise and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol can greatly reduce the chances of developing cancer.”
Support
Support groups, counselling services and palliative care are essential, Dr Misi said, in helping
patients diagnosed with cancer cope with their diagnosis.
“In cases where the prognosis is poor, it’s important to provide emotional support to both the
patient and their families. Such services are available through oncologists, psychologists and
various disease support groups.”
Island Hospice and Healthcare provides excellent supportive services to those with life-threatening illnesses.
Access to healthcare
With early diagnosis and treatment being so important, it is vital that everyone has access to the necessary healthcare services. Sometimes financial constraints may be a factor in seeking medical advice or treatment.
“We need to work on improving healthcare access, particularly in rural areas, and providing financial support for those who need cancer treatment,” Dr Misi said.
“We must continue to emphasise compassion and care, as cancer affects not only the body but also the mental and emotional well-being of individuals and their families.”
